Understand Pterygium Causes and How They Affect Your Eyes

Pterygium, often referred to as surfer's eye, is a benign (non-cancerous) growth of the conjunctiva. This is the clear tissue that covers the white part of your eye (sclera). The fleshy growth can vary in size and shape, often appearing as a wedge-shaped or triangular lesion that begins on the white of the eye and grows towards the center.

While typically slow-growing, a pterygium can eventually cover a portion of the cornea, potentially affecting vision if it grows large enough to obscure the pupil. It’s important to note that a pterygium is not a tumor, but rather an abnormal growth of normal tissue in response to environmental factors.

The primary cause of pterygium is chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun, especially UVB rays. This is why it's commonly known as surfer's eye, as surfers, farmers, fishermen, and others who spend significant time outdoors are at higher risk.

Other factors that can contribute to its development or progression include:
Wind and Dust Exposure: Chronic irritation from wind, dust, sand, and other environmental irritants can contribute to the growth.

• Dry Eye: Living in dry climates or having pre-existing dry eye conditions can increase susceptibility.
• Genetics: While environmental factors are the most common causes of pterygium, some individuals may have a genetic predisposition to this condition, as it can run in families.
• Irritants: Exposure to allergens, pollutants, and certain chemicals can also play a role. The combination of UV radiation and environmental irritants triggers changes in the conjunctival tissue, leading to the characteristic fleshy growth.

While surfer’s eye generally refers to the same type of growth, it can be categorized based on its characteristics and activity:

• Progressive Pterygium: This type actively grows and expands onto the cornea. It often appears thick, fleshy, and red due to increased vascularity (blood vessels). This type is more likely to cause vision problems and symptoms.
• Atrophic/Stationary Pterygium: This type is thinner, flatter, and less vascular. It may remain stable for long periods without significant growth onto the cornea. While less aggressive, it can still cause irritation.

It's also worth noting that a pterygium usually begins on the nasal side of the eye (closer to the nose), but it can also develop on the temporal side (closer to the ear) in some cases.

Many individuals with a small pterygium may experience no symptoms at all. However, as the growth enlarges or becomes inflamed, various symptoms can arise:

• Redness: The most common symptom, especially in the affected part of the eye, which can become more pronounced when exposed to sun, wind, or dust.
• Irritation: A feeling of grittiness, burning, or foreign body sensation in the eye, as if something is in it.
• Itching: Persistent itching in the affected eye.
• Tearing: Excessive watering of the eye due to irritation.
• Dryness: Despite tearing, the surface of the eye can feel dry if the tear film is disrupted.
• Blurred or Distorted Vision: If the pterygium grows far enough onto the cornea to cover the pupil, it can block vision. Even before reaching the pupil, a pterygium can induce or worsen astigmatism by changing the shape of the cornea, leading to blurred or distorted vision.
• Difficulty with Contact Lenses: Contact lens wear may become uncomfortable or impossible due to the irregular surface created by the growth.
• Cosmetic Concern: The visible fleshy growth can be a significant cosmetic concern for many individuals.

It is crucial to consult an eye doctor if you experience any of these symptoms or notice any new growths on your eye.

Treatment for pterygium symptoms depends on its size, severity, and whether it's affecting your vision. Early diagnosis is important to monitor the growth and decide on the most appropriate course of action.

Generally, treatment options include conservative management for mild cases and surgical intervention for more advanced or symptomatic growths. Your eye doctor will assess your specific condition and recommend the best approach to manage the pterygium and preserve your eye health.